Earlier Breakthroughs That Paved the Way for Progress

Dr. Joseph Fraumeni, Jr.

Developed the first computer-generated maps linking cancer and the environment

Back in the 1970s when computers still weren’t in most homes, Dr. Joseph Fraumeni, Jr., created the first computer-generated maps that showed groupings of cancer deaths in US counties. These maps opened our eyes to the link between cancer and the environment and helped solidify Dr. Fraumeni’s position as a pivotal figure in public health. Even before that, together with NCI colleague Dr. Frederick Li, he discovered Li-Fraumeni syndrome—a rare, inherited disorder that greatly increases risk for several types of cancer, particularly in children and young adults. And as founding director of NCI’s Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, he was an early advocate for disparities research at the institute. Across a trailblazing career, Dr. Fraumeni has attributed his success to a series of mentors and colleagues, and to his wife, whom he credits with encouraging him and keeping him focused over more than 40 years of marriage.

Dr. Harold Varmus

Discovered that cancer comes from mutations in normal genes

More interested in talking about plays and poetry in college, Dr. Harold Varmus graduated with two literature degrees before pursuing medicine. Feeling drawn to the study of the scientific basis of disease, he came to NIH in 1968 and set his sights on a career in basic research. On a backpacking trip to California the next year, Dr. Varmus met Dr. J. Michael Bishop, the man he’d go on to share a Nobel Prize with in 1989 for their novel theory on the origin of cancer. They found that cancer comes from mutations in certain normal genes in a range of species and that these mutations are triggered by random errors in normal cell division or by other external causes. Along with this major discovery, Dr. Varmus has spent decades advancing scientific knowledge and has held several key positions, including as director of NIH, and later, NCI.

Dr. Joan Steitz

Pioneered the study of RNA biology and RNA’s role in cancer development

With no female professors or women running labs around her in the 1960s, Dr. Joan Steitz initially never thought to aspire to such a role herself. Even her first choice for doctoral advisor turned her away, stating that, as a woman, she would just get married and have a family. Despite this, she went on to head her own lab at Yale University in 1970, just one year after the school first accepted female undergraduates, and became a pioneer in the field of RNA biology. Her lab has made fundamental discoveries about the roles of non-coding RNAs in many areas of biology, including cancer. She’s obtained many prestigious awards, including the National Medal of Science as well as a 2018 Lasker Award for her research and mentorship and support of women in science. As a mentor, Dr. Steitz has tirelessly campaigned for inclusive practices within the scientific community and research workforce, speaking out about biases that harmfully affect women and minorities in science.

Dr. Jim Allison

Created a therapy using one’s own T cells to fight cancer

Among the many talented scientists that make up The CheckPoints band, harmonica player Dr. Jim Allison stands out—and it’s not just because he has played with Willie Nelson or because he is the subject of a 2019 award-winning documentary, Jim Allison: Breakthrough. Dr. Allison, of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, developed a way to unleash T cells (a type of white blood cell) to attack cancerous tumors, allowing one’s immune system to fight cancer. The invention of the first “immune checkpoint blockade” therapy earned him the 2015 Lasker Award and the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, among many other awards. For someone who originally did not set out to study cancer, his contributions to the field of immunotherapy have saved countless lives and pushed the frontiers of our knowledge of both cancer and the immune system.

Dr. Steven Rosenberg

Developed the first human cancer immunotherapy

Raised by Jewish immigrants from Poland, then 6-year-old Dr. Steven Rosenberg watched as his parents learned that many of their relatives had been killed in the Holocaust. Having witnessed “so much evil in the world,” he decided at an early age that he wanted to do something to help people. That desire later culminated in an idea: what if there was a way to activate a person’s immune system to attack and treat cancer without surgery or radiation? It’s a question that led Dr. Rosenberg to begin developing the first immunotherapy in 1976, though it took until 1984 and his 67th patient to confirm his hypothesis, resulting in the first FDA-approved human cancer immunotherapy. More than 30 years later, that 67th patient is still in great health, having effectively been cured of her widespread melanoma.

Accelerating Our Understanding of Cancer into the Future

Dr. Mary-Claire King

Proved the existence of BRCA1, a gene that can cause breast and ovarian cancer

As a young assistant professor, Dr. Mary-Claire King began studying families devastated by breast cancer. The genetics of these families led her to BRCA1—a gene that can have inherited mutations that cause breast and ovarian cancer. It took 17 years for her to prove the existence of BRCA1, and now, 47 years after enrolling her first study participants, Dr. King continues to shed light on inherited cancers. As an accomplished geneticist and human rights activist, she also developed—with the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo—genealogical matching to reunite kidnapped children with their families in Argentina, as well as the first use of DNA sequencing to identify victims of the Argentinian “Dirty War.” Her current research interests include inherited breast and ovarian cancer, and genetics of severe mental illness and immunological disorders in children.

Dr. Francis Collins

Led the sequencing of the human genome as well as the mapping of 33 cancer types at a molecular level

The word “genomics” was only recently coined in 1980, and Dr. Francis Collins has been involved in its study since the beginning. Dr. Collins grew up on a farm, the son of a drama professor father and playwright mother—the latter of whom taught him at home before he started going to school in 6th grade. Driven by the thrill of discovery and motivated to help people, he became a physician and geneticist. Known for his leadership of the international Human Genome Project, which sequenced the entire human genome in 13 years, and The Cancer Genome Atlas, which mapped 33 cancer types at a molecular level, Dr. Collins is also highly regarded for his discoveries of various disease genes. Serving as NIH director since 2009, he still manages to run a prolific lab, studying diseases such as progeria and diabetes, play guitar and piano, and ride his motorcycle.

Dr. John Carpten

Led first genome-wide scan for prostate cancer susceptibility genes in African-American people

Dr. John Carpten has spent a lot of his career understanding which cancers disproportionately affect underserved minorities and other communities, and why. He has spearheaded several high-impact studies in prostate cancer, myeloma, and breast cancer. He also conceived the African American Hereditary Prostate Cancer Study Network, which led to the first genome-wide scan for prostate cancer susceptibility genes in African-American people. Not only is he determined to reduce cancer disparities and increase minority representation in clinical trials and precision medicine studies, he’s also a dedicated mentor for the next generation of cancer researchers. Another doctor, Melissa Davis, described him as a “big brother” to all of the minorities in molecular sciences while he was at The Ohio State University. There, he organized support groups and facilitated networking for minority students, encouraging them to excel.

Dr. Ashani Weeraratna

Reshaped clinical practice with research findings on age-related differences in cancer treatment response

Bloomberg Distinguished Professor Dr. Ashani Weeraratna found that there are age-related differences in how people respond to certain cancer treatments—a groundbreaking finding now reshaping clinical practice. As a skin cancer researcher, she has also led public health initiatives to install sunblock dispensers throughout Philadelphia and to teach children about the dangers of sun exposure. A Sri Lankan who grew up in Lesotho in southern Africa before emigrating to the United States, Dr. Weeraratna is a fierce advocate for the contributions of immigrant scientists and has spoken passionately about her experiences with racism and harassment in this country, and about her belief in the American Dream. She is also a champion of and mentor for junior faculty, women, and people of color in science.

Dr. Candelaria Gomez-Manzano and Dr. Juan Fueyo

Created a new therapy that uses a common cold virus to attack brain tumors

Husband and wife duo Drs. Candelaria Gomez-Manzano and Juan Fueyo created an experimental therapy that harnesses a common cold virus and transforms it into something that can attack glioblastoma—the most common and deadly of brain tumors. This so-called “smart bomb virus” is an immunotherapy that has the potential to destroy these tumors without radiation or chemotherapy. Both Drs. Gomez-Manzano and Fueyo are neuro-oncology professors who emigrated to the United States from Spain and work side by side in their laboratories at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.